1.Write a query to display the current date. Label the column Date.
2.For each employee, display the employee number, last_name, salary, and salary increased by 15% and expressed as a whole number. Label the column New Salary. Place your SQL statement ina text file named lab3_2.sql.
3.Modify your query lab3_2.sql to add a column that subtracts the old salary fromthe new salary. Label the column Increase. Save the contents of the file as lab3_4.sql.Run the revised query.
4.Write a query that displays the employee’s last names with the first letter capitalized and all otherletters lowercase and the length of the name for all employees whose name starts with J, A, or M.Give each column an appropriate label. Sort the results by the employees’ last names.
5.For each employee, display the employee’s last name, and calculate the number of monthsbetween today and the date the employee was hired. Label the column MONTHS_WORKED. Orderyour results by the number of months employed. Round the number of months up to the closestwhole number.
6.Create a query to display the last name and salary for all employees. Format the salary to be 10characters long, left-padded with $. Label the column SALARY.
7.Using the DECODE function, write a query that displays the grade of all employees based on thevalue of the column JOB_ID, as per the following data:
JOB GRADE
AD_PRES A
ST_MAN B
IT_PROG C
SA_REP D
None of the above 0
Monday, November 10, 2008
Wednesday, October 29, 2008
Linux Interview Questions For software testers
oftware testing - Questions and Answers - Linix / Unix
1. Q. How do you list files in a directory?
A. ls - list directory contents
ls �l (-l use a long listing format)
2. Q. How do you list all files in a directory, including the hidden files?
A. ls -a (-a, do not hide entries starting with .)
3. Q. How do you find out all processes that are currently running?
A. ps -f (-f does full-format listing.)
4. Q. How do you find out the processes that are currently running or a particular user?
A. ps -au Myname (-u by effective user ID (supports names)) (a - all users)
5. Q. How do you kill a process?
A. kill -9 8 (process_id 8) or kill -9 %7 (job number 7)
kill -9 -1 (Kill all processes you can kill.)
killall - kill processes by name most (useful - killall java)
6. Q. What would you use to view contents of the file?
A. less filename
cat filename
pg filename
pr filename
more filename
most useful is command: tail file_name - you can see the end of the log file.
7. Q. What would you use to edit contents of the file?
A. vi screen editor or jedit, nedit or ex line editor
8. Q. What would you use to view contents of a large error log file?
A. tail -10 file_name ( last 10 rows)
9. Q. How do you log in to a remote Unix box?
A. Using telnet server_name or ssh -l ( ssh - OpenSSH SSH client (remote login program))
10.Q. How do you get help on a UNIX terminal?
A. man command_name
info command_name (more information)
11.Q. How do you list contents of a directory including all of its
subdirectories, providing full details and sorted by modification time?
A. ls -lac
-a all entries
-c by time
12.Q. How do you create a symbolic link to a file (give some reasons of doing so)?
A. ln /../file1 Link_name
Links create pointers to the actual files, without duplicating the contents of
the files. That is, a link is a way of providing another name to the same file.
There are two types of links to a file:Hard link, Symbolic (or soft) link;
13.Q. What is a filesystem?
A. Sum of all directories called file system.
A file system is the primary means of file storage in UNIX.
File systems are made of inodes and superblocks.
14.Q. How do you get its usage (a filesystem)?
A. By storing and manipulate files.
15.Q. How do you check the sizes of all users� home directories (one command)?
A. du -s
df
The du command summarizes disk usage by directory. It recurses through all subdirectories and shows disk usage by each subdirectory with a final total at the end.
Q. in current directory
A. ls -ps (p- directory; s - size)
16.Q. How do you check for processes started by user 'pat'?
A. ps -fu pat (-f -full_format u -user_name )
17.Q. How do you start a job on background?
A. bg %4 (job 4)
18 Q. What utility would you use to replace a string '2001' for '2002' in a text file?
A. Grep, Kde( works on Linux and Unix)
19. Q. What utility would you use to cut off the first column in a text file?
A. awk, kde
20. Q. How to copy file into directory?
A. cp /tmp/file_name . (dot mean in the current directory)
21. Q. How to remove directory with files?
A. rm -rf directory_name
22. Q. What is the difference between internal and external commands?
A. Internal commands are stored in the; same level as the operating system while external
commands are stored on the hard disk among the other utility programs.
23. Q. List the three main parts of an operating system command:
A. The three main parts are the command, options and arguments.
24 Q. What is the difference between an argument and an option (or switch)?
A. An argument is what the command should act on: it could be a filename,
directory or name. An option is specified when you want to request additional
information over and above the basic information each command supplies.
25. Q. What is the purpose of online help?
A. Online help provides information on each operating system command, the
syntax, the options, the arguments with descriptive information.
26. Q. Name two forms of security.
A. Two forms of security are Passwords and File Security with permissions specified.
27. Q. What command do you type to find help about the command who?
A. $ man who
28. Q. What is the difference between home directory and working directory?
A. Home directory is the directory you begin at when you log into the
system. Working directory can be anywhere on the system and it is where you are currently
working.
29. Q. Which directory is closer to the top of the file system tree, parent directory or current directory?
A. The parent directory is above the current directory, so it is closer to
the root or top of the
file system.
30. Q. Given the following pathname:
$ /business/acctg/payable/supplier/april
a) If you were in the directory called acctg, what would be the relative
pathname name for the file called april?
b) What would be the absolute pathname for april?
A.
a) $ payable/supplier/april
b) $ /business/acctg/payable/supplier/april
31. Q. Suppose your directory had the following files:
help. 1 help.2 help.3 help.4 help.O1 help.O2
aid.O1 aid.O2 aid.O3 back. 1 back.2 back.3
a) What is the command to list all files ending in 2?
b) What is the command to list all files starting in aid?
c) What is the command to list all "help" files with one character extension?
A.
a) ls *2
b) ls aid.*
c) ls help.?
32. Q. What are two subtle differences in using the more and the pg commands?
A. With the more command you display another screenful by pressing
the spacebar, with pg you press the return key.
The more command returns you automatically to the UNIX
shell when completed, while pg waits until you press return.
33. Q. When is it better to use the more command rather than cat command?
A. It is sometimes better to use the more command when you are viewing
a file that will display over one screen.
34. Q. What are two functions the move mv command can carry out?
A. The mv command moves files and can also be used to rename a file or directory.
35. Q. Name two methods you could use to rename a file.
A. Two methods that could be used:
a. use the mv command
b. copy the file and give it a new name and then remove the original file if no longer needed.
36. The soccer league consists of boy and girl teams. The boy file names begin
with B, the girl teams begin with G. All of these files are in one directory
called "soccer", which is your current directory:
Bteam.abc Bteam.OOl Bteam.OO2 Bteam.OO4
Gteam.win Gteam.OOl Gteam.OO2 Gteam.OO3
Write the commands to do the following:
a) rename the file Bteam.abc to Bteam.OO3.
b) erase the file Gteam. win after you have viewed the contents of the file
c) make a directory for the boy team files called "boys", and one for the girl team files
called" girls"
d) move all the boy teams into the "boys" directory
e) move all the girl teams into the "girls" directory
f) make a new file called Gteam.OO4 that is identical to Gteam.OOl
g) make a new file called Gteam.OO5 that is identical to Bteam.OO2
A.
a) mv Bteam.abc Bteam.OO3.
b) cat Gteam.win -or- more Gteam.win
rm Gteam. win
c) mkdir boys
mkdir girls
d) mv Bteam* boys
e) mv Gteam* girls
f) cd girls
cp Gteam.OO1 Gteam.OO4
g) There are several ways to do this. Remember that we are currently in the directory
/soccer/girls.
cp ../boys/Bteam.OO2 Gteam.OO5
or
cd ../boys
cp Bteam.OO2 ../girls/Gteam.OO5
37. Q. Draw a picture of the final directory structure for the "soccer"
directory, showing all the files and directories.
38. Q. What metacharacter is used to do the following:
1.1 Move up one level higher in the directory tree structure
1.2 Specify all the files ending in .txt
1.3 Specify one character
1.4 Redirect input from a file
1.5 Redirect the output and append it to a file
A.
1. 1.1 double-dot or ..
1.2 asterisk or *
1.3 question or ?
1.4 double greater than sign: >>
1.5 the less than sign or <
39. Q. List all the files beginning with A
A. To list all the files beginning with A command: ls A*
40. Q. Which of the quoting or escape characters allows the dollar sign ($) to retain its special meaning?
A. The double quote (") allows the dollar sign ($) to retain its special meaning.
Both the backslash (\) and single quote (') would remove the special meaning of the dollar sign.
41. Q. What is a faster way to do the same command?
mv fileO.txt newdir
mv filel.txt newdir
mv file2.txt newdir
mv file3.txt newdir
A. A shortcut method would be: mv file?.txt newdir
42. Q. List two ways to create a new file:
A.
a. Copy a file to make a new file.
b. Use the output operator e.g. ls -l > newfile.txt
43. Q. What is the difference between > and >> operators?
A. The operator > either overwrites the existing file (WITHOUT WARNING) or creates a new file.
The operator >> either adds the new contents to the end of an existing file or creates a new file.
44. Write the command to do the following:
44.1 Redirect the output from the directory listing to a printer.
44.2 Add the file efg.txt to the end of the file abc.txt.
44.3 The file testdata feeds information into the file called program
44.4 Observe the contents of the file called xyz.txt using MORE.
44.5 Observe a directory listing that is four screens long.
A.
44.1 ls > lpr
44.2 cat efg.txt >> abc.txt
44.3 program < testdata
44.4 more < xyz.txt
44.5 ls > dirsave | more
45. Q. How do you estimate file space usage
A. Use du command (Summarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for
directories.) Good to use arguments du -hs
(-h, --human-readable print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)
(-s, --summarize display only a total for each argument)
46. Q. How can you see all mounted drives?
A. mount -l
47. Q. How can you find a path to the file in the system?
A. locate file_name (locate - list files in databases that match a pattern)
48. Q. What Linux HotKeys do you know?
A. Ctrl-Alt-F1 Exit to command prompt
Ctrl-Alt-F7 or F8 Takes you back to KDE desktop from command prompt
Crtl-Alt-Backspace Restart XWindows
Ctrl-Alt-D Show desktop
49. Q. What can you tell about the tar Command?
A. The tar program is an immensely useful archiving utility. It can combine
an entire directory tree into one large file suitable for transferring or
compression.
50. Q. What types of files you know?
A. Files come in eight flavors:
Normal files
Directories
Hard links
Symbolic links
Sockets
Named pipes
Character devices
Block devices
51. Q. How to copy files from on PC to another on the same network
A. Use the following command:scp yur_file you_login@your_IP
example: copy .conf file from your PC to alex computer-
scp /etc/X11/xorg.conf alex@10.0.10.169:
52. Q. Please describe information below:
-rw-rw-r-- 1 dotpc dotpc 102 Jul 18 2003 file.buf
drwxr-xr-x 9 dotpc dotpc 4096 Oct 21 09:34 bin
lrwxrwxrwx 1 dotpc dotpc 20 Mar 21 15:00 client -> client-2.9.5
drwxrwxr-x 11 dotpc dotpc 4096 Sep 2 2005 client-2.8.9
drwxrwxr-x 7 dotpc dotpc 4096 Dec 14 12:13 data
drwxr-xr-x 12 dotpc dotpc 4096 Oct 21 09:41 docs
drwxr-xr-x 5 dotpc dotpc 4096 Dec 7 14:22 etc
drwxr-xr-x 11 dotpc dotpc 4096 Mar 21 15:54 client-2.9.5
-rw-r--r-- 1 dotpc dotpc 644836 Mar 22 09:53 client-2.9.5.tar.gz
A. This is a result of command $ls -l
we have two files, 6 directories and one link to client-2.9.5 directory.
There is number of files in every directory, size and data of last change.
53. Q. If you would like to run two commands in sequence what operators you can use?
A. ; or && the difference is:
if you separate commands with ; second command will be run automatically.
if you separate commands with && second command will be run only in the case
the first was run successfully.
54. Q. How you will uncompress the file?
A. Use tar command (The GNU version of the tar archiving utility):
tar -zxvf file_name.tar.gz
55. Q.How do you execute a program or script, my_script in your current directoty?
A. ./my_script
56. Q.How to find current time configuration in the file my_new.cfg
A. grep time my_new.cfg
Grep searches the named input files (or standard input if
no files are named, or the file name - is given) for lines
containing a match to the given pattern.
Q. What does grep() stand for?
A. General Regular Expression Parser.
57. Q. What does the top command display?
A. Top provides an ongoing look at processor activity in real
time. It displays a listing of the most CPU-intensive
tasks on the system, and can provide an interactive interÂ
face for manipulating processes. (q is to quit)
58. Q. How can you find configuration on linux?
A. by using /sin/ifconfig
If no arguments are given, ifconfig displays the status of the cur-
rently active interfaces. If a single interface argument is given, it displays the status of the given interface only; if a single -a argu-
ment is given, it displays the status of all interfaces, even those
that are down. Otherwise, it configures an interface.
59. Q. How to find difference in two configuration files on the same server?
A. Use diff command that is compare files line by line
diff -u /usr/home/my_project1/etc/ABC.conf /usr/home/my_project2/etc/ABC.conf
60. Q. What is the best way to see the end of a logfile.log file?
A. Use tail command - output the last part of files
tail -n file_name ( the last N lines, instead of the last 10 as default)
61. Q. Please write a loop for removing all files in the current directory that contains a word 'log'
A. for i in *log*; do rm $i; done
62. Question: How to switch to a previously used directory?
Answer: cd -
1. Q.How many VI editor modes do you know?
A.Three modes -
Command mode: letters or sequence of letters interactively command vi.
Insert mode: Text is inserted.
Command line mode: enter this mode by typing ":" and entry command line at the foot of the screen.
2. Q. How can you terminate VI session?
A.
3. Q. How can you copy lines into the buffer in command mode?
A.
yy - copy a single line defined by current cursor position
3yy - copy 3 lines. Current line and two lines below it.
Oracle function 1
Oracle functions
Sysdate:- returns current date and time.
Avg(n):- returns average ignoring null value.
Sum(n):- returnas sum values
Max (expr) :- returns maximum vaule of the expression
Min(expr): - returns minimum value of the expression
Count(*):- returns the number of the rows including the duplicate and the nulls.
Power(m,n):- returns the power of the value.
Round(n,m):-returns n rounded to n places.
Sqrt(n):returns the sqrt of the n.String function:-
Lower(char):-returns char with lower case.
Upper(char):-returns char with upper case.
Initcap(char):returns string with first letter with upper case.
Substr(char,m,n):- returns the substring beginning with position m upto n characters
Length(char):-reutrns the length of the string.
Ltrim(string,trim_string):- string1 is the string to trim the characters from the left-hand sidetrim_string is the string that will be removed from the left-hand side of string1. If this parameter is omitted, the ltrim function will remove all leading spaces from string1.
Rtrim(string,rtrim_string)string1 is the string to trim the characters from the right-hand side.trim_string is the string that will be removed from the right-hand side of string1. If this parameter is omitted, the rtrim function will remove all trailing spaces from string1.
Lpad(char1,n,char2):-returns char 1 left padded to length ‘n’ with sequence of characters in ‘char2’Rpad(char1.n.char2):returns char 1 right padded to length n with sequence of character in ‘char2’
Sysdate:- returns current date and time.
Avg(n):- returns average ignoring null value.
Sum(n):- returnas sum values
Max (expr) :- returns maximum vaule of the expression
Min(expr): - returns minimum value of the expression
Count(*):- returns the number of the rows including the duplicate and the nulls.
Power(m,n):- returns the power of the value.
Round(n,m):-returns n rounded to n places.
Sqrt(n):returns the sqrt of the n.String function:-
Lower(char):-returns char with lower case.
Upper(char):-returns char with upper case.
Initcap(char):returns string with first letter with upper case.
Substr(char,m,n):- returns the substring beginning with position m upto n characters
Length(char):-reutrns the length of the string.
Ltrim(string,trim_string):- string1 is the string to trim the characters from the left-hand sidetrim_string is the string that will be removed from the left-hand side of string1. If this parameter is omitted, the ltrim function will remove all leading spaces from string1.
Rtrim(string,rtrim_string)string1 is the string to trim the characters from the right-hand side.trim_string is the string that will be removed from the right-hand side of string1. If this parameter is omitted, the rtrim function will remove all trailing spaces from string1.
Lpad(char1,n,char2):-returns char 1 left padded to length ‘n’ with sequence of characters in ‘char2’Rpad(char1.n.char2):returns char 1 right padded to length n with sequence of character in ‘char2’
oracle assgn 5
1. Display the highest, lowest, sum, and average salary of all employees. Label the columns Maximum, Minimum, Sum, and Average, respectively. Place your SQL statement in a text file named lab5_1.sql.
2. Display highest, lowest, average salary of the employees whose job ID contains keyword R&D.
3. Count the total number of employees whose department_id =50
4. Display the number of department values in the EMPLOYEES table.
5. Display the number of distinct department values in the EMPLOYEES table.
6. Display the average salaries for each department
7. Display the total salary of the employees for each job on each department.
8. Display the average salary above 8000 of the employees for each department.
9. Display the maximum salary above 8000 for each department.
10. Display the job ID and total monthly salary for each job with a total payroll exceeding $13,000. sort the list by the total monthly salary.
11. Display the maximum average salary for each department.
12. Write a query to display the number of people with the same job.
13 Determine the number of managers without listing them. Label the column Number of Managers. Hint: Use the MANAGER_ID column to determine the number of managers.
14. Write a query that displays the difference between the highest and lowest salaries. Label the column DIFFERENCE.
15. Display the manager number and the salary of the lowest paid employee for that manager. Exclude anyone whose manager is not known. Exclude any groups where the minimum salary is $6,000 or less. Sort the output in descending order of salary.
Saturday, October 25, 2008
UNIX VI EDITOR COMMANDS
The vi editor (short for visual editor) is a screen editor which is available on almost all Unix systems
Starting vi:--To start using vi, at the Unix prompt type vi followed by a file name
vi has two modes: the command mode and the insert mode.
Entering Text:::To begin entering text in an empty file, you must first change from the command mode to the insert mode. To do this, type the letter i.
(-beginning of sentence
)-end of sentence
{-beginning of paragraph
}-end of paragraph
Starting vi:--To start using vi, at the Unix prompt type vi followed by a file name
vi has two modes: the command mode and the insert mode.
Entering Text:::To begin entering text in an empty file, you must first change from the command mode to the insert mode. To do this, type the letter i.
write a c program in the vi editor
then press escape key->type :wq
compile the file: cc filename
Run the program: ./a.out
User commands
Arrow keys:Move cursor
hjkl:Same as arrow keys
Presss escape and execute the commands
x:delete a character
dw:delete a word
dd:delete a line
3dd:deletes 3 lines
u:undo previous change
Now go to command mode by pressing ESC key
:q - quit, without saving
:wq - save and quit
F- forward screen
^B-backward screen
^D-scroll down half screen
^U-scroll up half screen
(-beginning of sentence
)-end of sentence
{-beginning of paragraph
}-end of paragraph
Saturday, September 27, 2008
ORACLE ASSGN-4
1. Create a query to display the last name and salary of employees earning more than $12,000.
Place your SQL statement in a text file named lab4_1.sql. Run your query.
2. Create a query to display the employee last name and department number for employee number
176.
3. Modify lab4_1.sql to display the last name and salary for all employees whose salary is
not in the range of $5,000 and $12,000. Place your SQL statement in a text file named lab4_3.sql
4. Display the employee last name, job ID, and start date of employees hired between February
20, 1998, and May 1, 1998. Order the query in ascending order by start date.
5. Display the last name and department number of all employees in departments 20 and 50 in
alphabetical order by name.
6. Modify lab4_3.sql to list the last name and salary of employees who earn between $5,000
and $12,000, and are in department 20 or 50. Label the columns Employee and Monthly
Salary, respectively. Resave lab4_3.sql as lab4_6.sql. Run the statement in
lab4_6.sql.
7. Display the last name and hire date of every employee who was hired in 1994.
8. Display the last name and job title of all employees who do not have a manager.
9. Display the last name, salary, and commission for all employees who earn commissions. Sort
data in descending order of salary and commissions.
10. Display the last names of all employees where the third letter of the name is an a.
11. Display the last name of all employees who have an a and an e in their last name.
12. Display the last name, job, and salary for all employees whose job is sales representative or
stock clerk and whose salary is not equal to $2,500, $3,500, or $7,000.
13. Modify lab4_6.sql to display the last name, salary, and commission for all employees
whose commission amount is 20%. Resave lab4_6.sql as lab4_13.sql. Rerun the
statement in lab4_13.sql.
Place your SQL statement in a text file named lab4_1.sql. Run your query.
2. Create a query to display the employee last name and department number for employee number
176.
3. Modify lab4_1.sql to display the last name and salary for all employees whose salary is
not in the range of $5,000 and $12,000. Place your SQL statement in a text file named lab4_3.sql
4. Display the employee last name, job ID, and start date of employees hired between February
20, 1998, and May 1, 1998. Order the query in ascending order by start date.
5. Display the last name and department number of all employees in departments 20 and 50 in
alphabetical order by name.
6. Modify lab4_3.sql to list the last name and salary of employees who earn between $5,000
and $12,000, and are in department 20 or 50. Label the columns Employee and Monthly
Salary, respectively. Resave lab4_3.sql as lab4_6.sql. Run the statement in
lab4_6.sql.
7. Display the last name and hire date of every employee who was hired in 1994.
8. Display the last name and job title of all employees who do not have a manager.
9. Display the last name, salary, and commission for all employees who earn commissions. Sort
data in descending order of salary and commissions.
10. Display the last names of all employees where the third letter of the name is an a.
11. Display the last name of all employees who have an a and an e in their last name.
12. Display the last name, job, and salary for all employees whose job is sales representative or
stock clerk and whose salary is not equal to $2,500, $3,500, or $7,000.
13. Modify lab4_6.sql to display the last name, salary, and commission for all employees
whose commission amount is 20%. Resave lab4_6.sql as lab4_13.sql. Rerun the
statement in lab4_13.sql.
Thursday, September 25, 2008
ORACLE ASSIGN-3
1. Add a table-level PRIMARY KEY constraint to the EMP table on the ID column. The constraint should be named at creation. Name the constraint my_emp_id_pk
2. Create a PRIMARY KEY constraint to the DEPT table using the ID column. The constraint
should be named at creation. Name the constraint my_dept_id_pk.
3. Add a column DEPT_ID to the EMP table. Add a foreign key reference on the EMP table that ensures that the employee is not assigned to a nonexistent department. Name the constraint
my_emp_dept_id_fk.
4.Confirm that the constraints were added by querying the USER_CONSTRAINTS view. Note the types and names of the constraints.
5. Display the object names and types from the USER_OBJECTS data dictionary view for the EMP and DEPT tables. Notice that the new tables and a new index were created.
6. Modify the EMP table. Add a COMMISSION column of NUMBER data type, precision 2, scale 2. Add a constraint to the commission column that ensures that a commission value is greater than zero.
7.Create the EMPLOYEES2 table based on the structure of the EMPLOYEES table. Include only
the EMPLOYEE_ID, FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, SALARY, and DEPARTMENT_ID columns.
Name the columns in your new table ID, FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, SALARY , and
DEPT_ID, respectively.
8. Create the DEPT table based on the following table instance chart, then execute the statement in the script to create the table. Confirm that the table is created.
ID NUMBER 7
NAME VARCHAR2 25
9. Populate the DEPT table with data from the DEPARTMENTS table. Include only columns that
you need.
2. Create a PRIMARY KEY constraint to the DEPT table using the ID column. The constraint
should be named at creation. Name the constraint my_dept_id_pk.
3. Add a column DEPT_ID to the EMP table. Add a foreign key reference on the EMP table that ensures that the employee is not assigned to a nonexistent department. Name the constraint
my_emp_dept_id_fk.
4.Confirm that the constraints were added by querying the USER_CONSTRAINTS view. Note the types and names of the constraints.
5. Display the object names and types from the USER_OBJECTS data dictionary view for the EMP and DEPT tables. Notice that the new tables and a new index were created.
6. Modify the EMP table. Add a COMMISSION column of NUMBER data type, precision 2, scale 2. Add a constraint to the commission column that ensures that a commission value is greater than zero.
7.Create the EMPLOYEES2 table based on the structure of the EMPLOYEES table. Include only
the EMPLOYEE_ID, FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, SALARY, and DEPARTMENT_ID columns.
Name the columns in your new table ID, FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME, SALARY , and
DEPT_ID, respectively.
8. Create the DEPT table based on the following table instance chart, then execute the statement in the script to create the table. Confirm that the table is created.
ID NUMBER 7
NAME VARCHAR2 25
9. Populate the DEPT table with data from the DEPARTMENTS table. Include only columns that
you need.
Saturday, September 13, 2008
ORACLE ASSGN-2
1. Create an employee table with attributes
emp_id not null number(6)
First_name varchar2(20)
Last_name not null varchar2(25)
Email not null varchar2(25)
Phone_no varchar2(20)
Hire_date not null date
Job_id not null varchar2(10)
Salary number(8,2)
Commission number(8,2)
Manager_id number(6)
Dept_id number(4)
2. Insert 10 records. Confirm the addition of records into the table
3. Create a query to display the last name, job_id, hire_date, emp_id for each employee with emp_id appearing first. Provide an alias startdate for the hire_date column. Save your SQL statements to a file named lab_2.sql.
4. Create a query to display unique job_IDfrom the employee table
display the last name concatenated with the job_id separated by a comma and space, and name the column ‘employee and title’ .
5. Create a query to display all the data from the employee table. Separate each column by a comma. Name the column output.
6 Change the last name of employee 3 to ‘Alexander’
7 Change the salary to 10000 for all the employees with a salary < 9000. Verify the changes into the table.
8 Delete employee 4 record from employee table. Confirm the deletion.
9. Create a department table with attribute
Dept_id
Dept_name
Manage_id
Location_id
Insert 10 records into it.
10. Creat a dept table and populate the dept table with data from the department table. include the only columns you need
11. Create the emp table and populate the emp table with data from the employee table
modify the emp table to allow for longer employee last names. Confirm your modification
12. Create the emp_2 table based on the employee table. Include only emp_id, first_name, Clast_name, Salary and dept_id.
13. Drop the emp table
14. Rename the emp_2 table as emp
15. Drop the first_name column from the emp table
emp_id not null number(6)
First_name varchar2(20)
Last_name not null varchar2(25)
Email not null varchar2(25)
Phone_no varchar2(20)
Hire_date not null date
Job_id not null varchar2(10)
Salary number(8,2)
Commission number(8,2)
Manager_id number(6)
Dept_id number(4)
2. Insert 10 records. Confirm the addition of records into the table
3. Create a query to display the last name, job_id, hire_date, emp_id for each employee with emp_id appearing first. Provide an alias startdate for the hire_date column. Save your SQL statements to a file named lab_2.sql.
4. Create a query to display unique job_IDfrom the employee table
display the last name concatenated with the job_id separated by a comma and space, and name the column ‘employee and title’ .
5. Create a query to display all the data from the employee table. Separate each column by a comma. Name the column output.
6 Change the last name of employee 3 to ‘Alexander’
7 Change the salary to 10000 for all the employees with a salary < 9000. Verify the changes into the table.
8 Delete employee 4 record from employee table. Confirm the deletion.
9. Create a department table with attribute
Dept_id
Dept_name
Manage_id
Location_id
Insert 10 records into it.
10. Creat a dept table and populate the dept table with data from the department table. include the only columns you need
11. Create the emp table and populate the emp table with data from the employee table
modify the emp table to allow for longer employee last names. Confirm your modification
12. Create the emp_2 table based on the employee table. Include only emp_id, first_name, Clast_name, Salary and dept_id.
13. Drop the emp table
14. Rename the emp_2 table as emp
15. Drop the first_name column from the emp table
Thursday, September 11, 2008
ORACLE ASSIGN-1
Q.1 Create Table
A) create the table CLIENT with following attributes
Clientno varchar2(6)
Name varchar2(20)
Address1 varchar2(30)
Address2 varchar2(30)
City varchar2(15)
Pincode number(8)
State varchar2(15)
Baldue number(10,2 )
B) create the table PRODUCT with following attributes
Productno varchar2(6)
description varchar2(15)
profitpercent number(4,2)
unitmeasure varchar2(10)
qtyinhand number(8)
reorderlvl number(8)
sellprice number( 8,2)
costprice number (8,2)
C) create the table SALESMAN with following attributes
SALESMANNO varchar2( 6)
SALESMANNAME varchar2( 20 )
ADDRESS1 varchar2 (30 )
ADDRESS2 varchar2 (30)
CITY varchar2 (20 )
PINCODE number (8 )
STATE varchar2 (20 )
SALAMT number (8,2 )
TGTTOGET NUMBER (6,2 )
YTDSALES NUMBER (6,2 )
REMARKS varchar2 (60)
Q.2 Insert the following data into respective tables:
a. data for CLIENT table (6 records)
b. data for PRODECT table (9 records)
c. data for SALESMAN table (4 records)
Q.3 Retrieving records from a table
a. find out the names of all the clients
b. retrieve the entire contents of the client table
c. retrieve the list of names, city and the state of all the clients.
d. List the various products available from the product table
e. List all the clients who are located in Mumbai
f. Find the names of salesmen who have a salary equal to Rs 3000.
Q.4 updating records in a table
a. Change the city of clinet no ‘C00005’ to ‘Bangalore’
b. Change the BalDue of ClientNo ‘C00001’ to Rs.1000
c. Change the cost price of ‘Trousers’ to Rs.950.00
d. Change the city of the salesman to Pune.
Q.5 Delete records in a table
a) Delete all salesmen from the Salesman whose salaries are equal to Rs. 3500
b) Delete all products from Product where the quantity on hand is equal to 100
c) Delete from Client where the column state holds the value ‘Tamil nadu’.
Q.6 Altering table structure
a. Add a column called ‘Telephone’ of data type ‘number’ and size=’10’ to the Client table.
b. Change the size of Sellprice column in product to 10,2
Q.7 deleting the table structure along with the data
a. Destroy the table Client along with its data
Q.8 Renaming the table
a. Change the name of the salesman table to sman.
A) create the table CLIENT with following attributes
Clientno varchar2(6)
Name varchar2(20)
Address1 varchar2(30)
Address2 varchar2(30)
City varchar2(15)
Pincode number(8)
State varchar2(15)
Baldue number(10,2 )
B) create the table PRODUCT with following attributes
Productno varchar2(6)
description varchar2(15)
profitpercent number(4,2)
unitmeasure varchar2(10)
qtyinhand number(8)
reorderlvl number(8)
sellprice number( 8,2)
costprice number (8,2)
C) create the table SALESMAN with following attributes
SALESMANNO varchar2( 6)
SALESMANNAME varchar2( 20 )
ADDRESS1 varchar2 (30 )
ADDRESS2 varchar2 (30)
CITY varchar2 (20 )
PINCODE number (8 )
STATE varchar2 (20 )
SALAMT number (8,2 )
TGTTOGET NUMBER (6,2 )
YTDSALES NUMBER (6,2 )
REMARKS varchar2 (60)
Q.2 Insert the following data into respective tables:
a. data for CLIENT table (6 records)
b. data for PRODECT table (9 records)
c. data for SALESMAN table (4 records)
Q.3 Retrieving records from a table
a. find out the names of all the clients
b. retrieve the entire contents of the client table
c. retrieve the list of names, city and the state of all the clients.
d. List the various products available from the product table
e. List all the clients who are located in Mumbai
f. Find the names of salesmen who have a salary equal to Rs 3000.
Q.4 updating records in a table
a. Change the city of clinet no ‘C00005’ to ‘Bangalore’
b. Change the BalDue of ClientNo ‘C00001’ to Rs.1000
c. Change the cost price of ‘Trousers’ to Rs.950.00
d. Change the city of the salesman to Pune.
Q.5 Delete records in a table
a) Delete all salesmen from the Salesman whose salaries are equal to Rs. 3500
b) Delete all products from Product where the quantity on hand is equal to 100
c) Delete from Client where the column state holds the value ‘Tamil nadu’.
Q.6 Altering table structure
a. Add a column called ‘Telephone’ of data type ‘number’ and size=’10’ to the Client table.
b. Change the size of Sellprice column in product to 10,2
Q.7 deleting the table structure along with the data
a. Destroy the table Client along with its data
Q.8 Renaming the table
a. Change the name of the salesman table to sman.
UNIX ASSIGN-1
1. Display calender for the year 1752. Comment on the answer.
2.Display date in dd/mm/yyyy. display "Today is 12 september 2008"
3. Display 30 september 2008.
4 Convert decimal to binary . ex- 35,108
5. Convert binary to decimal. ex-1101110
6. convert decimal to hexadecimal. ex-96
7. Display time only in hour min format separated by hypen.
2.Display date in dd/mm/yyyy. display "Today is 12 september 2008"
3. Display 30 september 2008.
4 Convert decimal to binary . ex- 35,108
5. Convert binary to decimal. ex-1101110
6. convert decimal to hexadecimal. ex-96
7. Display time only in hour min format separated by hypen.
Monday, February 4, 2008
Short Notes (English)
SHORT NOTES
PARAGRAPH WRITING
1]-A good paragraph has unity.
2]-Better paragraph starts with topic sentence.
3]-A paragraph deals with a single controlling idea.
4]-An effective paragraph ensures proper length ,unity, coherence, cohesion ,and logical development of ideas.
A]-Unity[Cohesive]—One paragraph should have one idea and every sentence in the paragraph should be used to support and expand that idea.
B]-Coherence—It shows the development of the paragraph in a logical way. A coherent paragraph develops the topic in a logical way .Thus the reader can make sense of the content because one idea leads to another.
5]-Use transitions to link ideas .Transitions tell whether the next sentence continues the previous thought or starts a new idea These are the words/phrases that help to move smoothly fromone sentence to the next.
6]-Sentence linkers—It connects two sentences in a paragraph .It may consist of a word or a phras
7]-What should you look for when you revise paragraphs? –Check the topic sentence and the transition
TRANSITION WORDS AND PHRASES. [SENTENCE LINKERS] .
A]-To show addition or continuation of the same idea --- and, also, first ,second ,third ,in addition, like wise, similarly, etc.
B]-To introduce the last or most important item ---finally, furthermore, moreover, etc
C]-To give an example ---e.g, for example ,for instance, indeed, to illustrate, namely, specifically, etc
D]-To contrast ---or, on the other hand, in contrast, etc
E]-To show that the contrast is more important than the previous one---but, however, on the contrary, never the less, etc
F]-To show cause and effect---as a result, because, for this reason, consequently, therefore
G]-To show time---after, as, before, in the future, next, then, until, when, while ,etc
H]-To summarize or end---in conclusion, finally, in the end ,etc
TOPIC SENTENCE
1]-It is the sentence that presents the main idea or topic in the most effective way.
2]-The topic sentence can be placed any where in the paragraph.
3]-In the most effective paragraph, it is the first paragraph.
4]-A topics string is a series of sentences that develop the topic sentence.
5]-The topic sentence can be placed at the beginning [most effective], middle or end.
6]-If specific to general or inductive logical order is used, the topic sentence may be placed at the end.
7]-Sometime a topic sentence may not be included and the main idea is expressed through details only
BUSINESS PROPOSAL
1]- A proposal must answer the following question-
A]-what problem are you going to solve?
B]-How are you going to solve it?
C]-What exactly will you provide for us?
D]-Can you deliver what you promise?
E]- When will you complete the work ?
F]- How much will you charge ?
2]-Use the following pattern of organization for the cover letter of a sale proposal-
A]-Catch the reader’s attention and summarize up to three major benefits you offer.
B]- Discuss each of the major benefits in the order in which you mentioned them in the
first paragraph
C]- Deal with any objections or concerns the reader may have.
D]- Mention other benefits briefly.
E]- Ask the reader to approve your proposal and provide a reason for acting promptly.
3]-In a proposal for funding, stress the needs your project will meet. Show how your
Project helps fulfill the goals of the organization you are asking to fund it.
4]- The most important aspects of proposal writing are-
a—Establishing that a problem exists and that you are the best one to solve it.
b—Knowing who the key stakeholders are and what they are seeking.
c—Incorporating into your plan solutions tailored to your key stakeholders.
5]-Proposals can be classified as ---
A]-formal and non-formal .
B]-internal and external
C]-solicited and unsolicited
6]-CRITERIA TYPE DESCRIPTION
A]-Content and non-formal short proposals involving small
format projects
formal long proposals with elaborate descriptions
and discussions
B]-Nature of Internal addressed to readers within an organisation
Audience External Communicated to people outside an
Organization.
C]-Source of origin Solicited Written in response to a request for proposal
Unsolicited Written without any request for proposal.
7]-NON-FORMAL
A-It is brief and introductory in nature.
B-Written to initiate small projects that do not require elaborate descriptions
C-May involve the use of printed forms, letter formats or memo formats.
8]-FORMAL
A-Comparatively longer
B-Usually written to initiate big projects and require elaborate descriptions.
C-involves use of the manuscript format
D-It may consist of several sections and sub-sections.
8]-INTERNAL PROPOSAL-
A-It is addressed to readers within an organization.
B-It may offer to study a problem, situation, condition, or issue in the organization.
C-They are less formal and elaborate than external proposal.
9]-EXTERNAL PROPOSAL
A-They are communicated to people outside an organization.
B-It may offer a plan to solve a problem or situation of that organization and give appropriate suggestions and recommendations.
C-They are more formal, detailed and elaborate than internal proposals
10-SOLICITED PROPOSAL
A-It is written in response to a specific request from a client
B-Many companies and institutions solicit proposal for their projects.
C-They specify their requirements and mention their conditions.
11-UNSOLICITED PROPOSAL
A- Written without any request for proposal
B-That intend to propose solutions or recommendations
C-They are based on an objective assessment of a situation or condition by an individual
or a firm.[example-a person noticing a problem in his organization and wanting to offer his ideas on how to handle It may submit an unsolicited proposal.]
D-Self initiated research and business projects usually involve unsolicited proposals.
PARTS OF A FORMAL PROPOSAL
I-Title page
2-Table of contents
3-List of figures
4-Abstract or summary
5-Methodology
6-Introduction
7-Statement of problem
8-Proposed plan and schedule
9-Advantages and disadvantages
10-Recommendations.
1-THE TITLE PAGE contains –
a-the title of the proposal
b-the name of the person or organization to whom the proposal is submitted.
c-the name of the proposal writer
d-the date.
STRUCTURE OF TITLE PAGE
A proposal on
. --------------------------------------------
Submitted to
---------------------------------------------
Submitted by
--------------------------------------------
Date
-----------------------------------
2-TABLE OF CONTENTS provides the reader an overall view of the proposal by listing the main headings and the sub-headings in the proposal, with their page numbers.
STRUCTURE OF TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract 1
1-Background 2
2-Introduction 2
3-Statement of problem 3
4-Proposed plan and schedule 5
5-Recommendations 7
6-Conclusion 8
Appendices 10
3-LIST OF FIGURES This section includes a list of tables, graphs, figures, and charts used in the proposal ,with their page number.
STRUCTURE OF LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1-----------------------------------1
Figure 2-----------------------------------3
Figure 3-----------------------------------4
Figure 4-----------------------------------6
4-ABSTRACT OR SUMMARY is a condensed version of the proposal as it summarises and highlights its major points.
METHODOLOGY summarises the proposed methods of data collection and the procedure for investigating the situation/problem.
5-INTRODUCTION. This section introduces readers to the proposal .It gives the background, states the purpose and discusses the scope.
By highlighting the major advantages , it tries to persuade the reader.
6-STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM contains an objective description of the problem that the proposal intends to address.
7-PROPOSED PLAN AND SCHEDULE presets a schedule of activities highlighting the main course of action.
8-ADVANTAGES/ DISADVANTAGES . This section reinforces that the proposal has more advantages than dis-advantages by making realistic comparision. It links benefits to the needs of the situation.
9-RECOMMENDATIONS is the main section of a proposal as it discusses the plan to solve the problem .It is the most persuasive section of a proposal.
10-CONCLUTION presents the final summary of the proposal and focuses on main points and the key benefits and advantages. It influences readers with a final appeal.
11-APPENDICES-Secondary materials are put as appendices in a proposal.
BUSINESS REPORT
1-A report is a factual and systematic account of a specific business or professional activity.
2 Reports help in the analysis of a condition, situation or a problem for an effective solution.
3- It is a formal document written for a specific audience to meet a specific need.
Ø Reports serve several purposes---
Ø A-presenting data
Ø B-describing problems and suggesting solutions
Ø C-discussing and analyzing data
Ø D-recording events and happenings-
Ø E-analyzing a situation or a condition.
Ø D-giving feedback, suggestion or recommendations.
4-TYPES OF REPORTS
1-INFORMATIONAL REPORT-
A-It presents facts of a case, problem, condition or situation without any analysis, interpretations or recommendations.
B-Its function is to collect, compile and organize facts for the reader.
C-Examples of informational reports include seminar reports, trip reports, conference reports etc.
2-ANALYTICAL REPORT
A-It presents data with interpretations and analysis.
B-The report writer analyses the facts of a case and puts forward his/her inference and recommendations.
C-To write an analytical report, the writer should be able to evaluate information and make appropriate inferences.
D-Example of analytical report include project reports, feasibility reports, market research reports and so on.
3-ROUTINE REPORTS [OR PERIODIC REPORTS]
A-Routine reports are prepared on a periodic basis i.e daily, weekly, fortnightly, monthly,
quarterly or annually.
B-The routine reports may be informational or analytical.
C-Examples of this report include daily production reports, monthly sales report, annul
report etc.
4-SPECIAL REPORTS
A-This is prepared and presented to convey special information related to a single
condition , problem or occasion.
B-They do not contain routine or repetitive information.
C-They are the result of specific circumstances.
D-Special report could be either informational or analytical .
E-Examples of this report are inquiry report, research reports, thesis etc.
5-ORAL REPORTS
A-It is informal and face to face presentation of information.
B-Examples are oral reporting of sales, production, joining etc.
C-They present information related to routine activities, projects and development.
6-WRITTEN REPORTS
A-They help in maintaining proper record for future reference.
B-Most reports have a permanent value. So written reports are conventional.
7-FORMAL REPORTS
A-This is the result of a through investigation of a condition or situation.
B-They are comparatively longer and need elaborate description and discussion.
C-They follow a fixed format.
D-They could be informational, analytical,
E-Examples of formal reports are annual reports of companies, technical reports, project
reports, thesis etc
8-NON-FORMAL REPORTS
A-It is a brief account of a specific business.
B-It is usually short and do not need elaborate description.
C-An informal report may use printed forms, letters formats or memo formats.
D-They are routine reports .
E-They may be either informational, analytical, oral or written.
5- FORMAT OF REPORTS
FORMAT DESCRIPTION
1-Printed forms-------------------Forms prepared to record repetitive and routine data.
2-Letter format--------------------Short informal reports to be communicated to some one
outside an organization.
3-Memo format-------------------Short informal reports to be communicated to someone
within an organization
4-Manuscript format---------------Formal reports printed on plain paper.
1-PRINTED FORMS
A-The advantages are –a] systematic and make for easy reading.
b-the readers can easily locate and identify important
information.
c-they are more objective and factual with little scope for the
writer to be subjective about the content.
. d-they save time.
2-LETTER FORMAT
A-Contains all the elements of a letter along with some additional sections such as
illustrations references etc.
B-Headings may be used in a letter format.
3- MEMO FORMAT
A-A memo report should contain heading for easy reading and reference.
HEADING
DATE: February 3 , 2008
TO:
FROM:
SUBJECT:
REPORT
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Recommendation
>
>
>
4-MANUSCRIPT FORMAT
A-It is divided into sections and sub-sections
B-The writer has to be careful about its structure and elements.
STRUCTURE OF FORMAL REPORTS
A-PARTS OF A REPORT
1-Title page
2-Letter of transmittal
3-Acknowledgements
4-Table of contents
5-List of illustration
6-Executive summary/abstract
7-Introduction
8-Methodology
9-Findings/analysis
10-Conclusion
11Recomendation
12-Appendices
13-References and bibliography
1] SAMPLE TITLE PAGE
A REPORT ON
Improving Blast Efficiency through
Performance Analysis
SUBMITTED TO
Department of Science and Technology
Government of India
SUBMITTED BY
Ramesh Mohanty
Research scholar,IIT,Kanpur
DATE
January 20, 2008
2]-LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL - a- It is a brief covering letter from the report writer explaining the causes for
writing the report.
. b- It may contain the objectives, scope and other highlights of the report.
It may also contain acknowledgement, if the report does not include an
c- acknowledgement.
3]-ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
A-This section contains the names of persons who contributed to the
Production of the report.
4]-TABLE OF CONTENTS
A-T hey provide the reader an overall view of the report and shows its
organization.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface--------------------------------------1
Acknowledgement-------------------------2
List of illustrations------------------------3
Executive summary-----------------------4
1-Introduction ---------------------6
2-Methodology--------------------9
3-Discussion----------------------10
4-Conclusion----------------------15
5-Recommendations-------------19
Appendices----------------------------------20
References-----------------------------------25
5]-LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
A-It gives systematic information about tables, charts, figures and graphs.
6]-ABSTRACT OR EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
A-It summarises the essential information in the report, focusing on key facts, findings, observations, results, conclusion and recommendations.
7]-INTRODUCTION
-This section introduces the reader to the report. It helps the readers in understanding and analyzing report as it include facts that the reader must know in order to understand the discussion.
A-ANALYSE THE PROBLEM AND PURPOSE
Ask the following questions before beginning to write a report.
a-What do you want to present or discuss in the report?
b-Why do you want to present it?
1-Answer to these questions will help in identifying the problem.
2-The problem may be written down in the form of a statement.
B-Determine the scope of the Report
.
8]-METHODOLOGY
A-While writing a report one has to gather information from library, internet,
interviews, surveys and formal/informal discussions .This section
summarises the methods of data collection, the procedure for investigating
and the criteria of survey.
9]-
APA Citation StylePublication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th edition
Follow these color codes:
Author(s)
Date
Title of Book
Title of Article
Title of Periodical
Volume
Pages
Place of Publication
Publisher
Other Information
Journal Article: where the page numbering continues from issue to issue
Dubeck, L. (1990). Science fiction aids science teaching. Physics Teacher, 28, 316-318.
Journal or Magazine Article: that start each issue with page one(for magazine articles, include the month and day - see below)
Wilcox, R. V. (1991). Shifting roles and synthetic women in Star trek: The next generation. Studies in Popular Culture, 13(2), 53-65.
Magazine or Journal Article from a Database(for journal articles, do not include the month - see above)
Mershon, D. H. (1998, November/December). Star trek on the brain: Alien minds, human minds. American Scientist, 86(6), 585. Retrieved July 29, 1999, from Expanded Academic ASAP database.
Newspaper Article
Di Rado, A. (1995, March 15). Trekking through college: Classes explore modern society using the world of Star trek. Los Angeles Times, p. A3.
Book
Okuda, M., & Okuda, D. (1993). Star trek chronology: The history of the future. New York: Pocket Books.
Book Article or Chapter
James, N. E. (1988). Two sides of paradise: The Eden myth according to Kirk and Spock. In D. Palumbo (Ed.), Spectrum of the fantastic (pp. 219-223). Westport, CT: Greenwood.
Encyclopedia Article
Sturgeon, T. (1995). Science fiction. In The encyclopedia Americana (Vol. 24, pp. 390-392). Danbury, CT: Grolier.
ERIC Document
Fuss-Reineck, M. (1993). Sibling communication in Star trek: The next generation: Conflicts between brothers. Miami, FL: Annual Meeting of the Speech Communication Association. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 364932)
Website
Lynch, T. (1996). DS9 trials and tribble-ations review. Retrieved October 8, 1997, from Psi Phi: Bradley's Science Fiction Club Web site: http://www.bradley.edu/campusorg/psiphi/DS9/ep/ 503r.html
Notes
If you are using the style for Copy Manuscripts, doublespace all lines. If you are using the style for Final Manuscripts, singlespace all lines and skip a line in between each reference. Ask your professor which style to follow.
Arrange the items on your reference list alphabetically by author, interfiling books, articles, etc.
Indent the second and following lines 5 to 7 spaces or one half inch.
Use only the initials of the authors' first (and middle) names.
If no author is given, start with the title and then the date.
Article titles and book titles: capitalize only the first word of the title and subtitle. (Capitalize all significant words of periodical titles.)
If you are using a typewriter that cannot produce italics, then use underlining instead.
Magazine articles: include the month (and day) as shown under "Magazine Article from a Database" and "Newspapers".
Websites: if the date the page was created is not given, use (n.d.).
The rules concerning a title within a title are not displayed here for purposes of clarity. See the printed version of the manual for details.
Our website also has guide to APA citation style that's tailored for business sources.
A little bit of additional information is available on the official website, APA Style.org.
For documents and situations not listed here, see the printed version of the manual.
Other Styles
MLA Citation StyleMLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 6th edition
Follow these color codes:
Author(s)
Title of Book
Title of Article
Title of Periodical
Volume
Place of Publication
Publisher
Date
Other Information
Pages
Book
Okuda, Michael, and Denise Okuda. Star Trek Chronology: The History
of the Future. New York: Pocket, 1993.
Journal Article
Wilcox, Rhonda V. "Shifting Roles and Synthetic Women in Star
Trek: The Next Generation." Studies in Popular Culture 13.2 (1991):
53-65.
Newspaper or Magazine Article
Di Rado, Alicia. "Trekking through College: Classes Explore Modern
Society Using the World of Star Trek." Los Angeles Times 15 Mar.
1995: A3.
Book Article or Chapter
James, Nancy E. "Two Sides of Paradise: The Eden Myth According to
Kirk and Spock." Spectrum of the Fantastic. Ed. Donald Palumbo.
Westport: Greenwood, 1988. 219-223.
Encyclopedia Article (well known reference books)
Sturgeon, Theodore. "Science Fiction." The Encyclopedia Americana.
International ed. 1995.
Encyclopedia Article (less familiar reference books)
Horn, Maurice. "Flash Gordon." The World Encyclopedia of Comics.
Ed. Maurice Horn. 2 vols. New York: Chelsea, 1976.
Gale Reference Book (and other books featuring reprinted articles)
Shayon, Robert Lewis. "The Interplanetary Spock." Saturday Review
17 June 1967: 46. Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed.
Sharon R. Gunton. Vol. 17. Detroit: Gale Research, 1981. 403.
ERIC Document
Fuss-Reineck, Marilyn. Sibling Communication in Star Trek: The Next
Generation: Conflicts between Brothers. Miami: Speech
Communication Assn., 1993. ERIC Document Reproduction Service
ED364932.
Website
Lynch, Tim. "DSN Trials and Tribble-ations Review." Psi Phi: Bradley's
Science Fiction Club. 1996. Bradley University. 8 Oct. 1997
Newspaper or Magazine Article on the Internet
Andreadis, Athena. "The Enterprise Finds Twin Earths Everywhere It
Goes, But Future Colonizers of Distant Planets Won't Be So Lucky."
Astronomy Jan. 1999: 64- . Academic Universe. Lexis-Nexis. B.
Davis Schwartz Memorial Lib., Brookville, NY. 7 Feb. 1999
Gale Literature Criticism Online
Shayon, Robert Lewis. "The Interplanetary Spock." Saturday Review
17 June 1967: 46. Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed.
Sharon R. Gunton and Gerald J. Senick. Vol. 17. Detroit: Gale
Research, 1981. 403. Literature Criticism Online. Thomson Gale.
B. Davis Schwartz Memorial Lib., Brookville, NY. 15 Nov. 2007
Notes
Arrange the items on your reference list alphabetically by author, interfiling books, articles, etc.
Doublespace all lines.
Indent the second and following lines 5 spaces (or one half inch).
If no author is given, start with the title.
Abbreviate the names of all months except May, June, and July.
If the paging of a magazine or newspaper article is continued elswhere in the issue, include only the first page followed by a plus sign (ex. 25+.).
If the encyclopedia does not arrange its articles alphabetically, treat the encyclopedia article as if it were a book article. Specific volume and page numbers are cited in the text, not in the list of references.
Gale Reference Book: cite the original source being reprinted as shown under Book, Journal Article, Newspaper or Magazine Article, etc. The example shows a Magazine Article. Then include the citation information for the reference book.
Websites: include the title of the web page, the name of the entire web site, the organization that posted it (this may be the same as the name of the website). Also include the full date the page was created or last updated (day, month, year if available) and the date you looked at it.
Internet Magazine Articles: Include:
The full date of the article (day, month, year if available) and the date you looked at it;
If you are citing a journal instead of a magazine, include the volume (and issue number) and date as shown under the Journal Style above.
As for page numbers, different databases will provide different information. Include the range of pages (ex. 25-28.); or the starting page followed by a hyphen, a blank space, and a period (ex. 64- .); or the total number of pages or paragraphs (ex. 12 pp. or 33 pars.). If no page information is given, then leave it out.
The name of the database (underlined) and the company that created it.
The library or other organization (and its location) that provided you with access to the database.
If the web address (URL) of the article is very long, you only need to include the URL of the database's home page.
The rules concerning a title within a title are not displayed here for purposes of clarity. See the printed version of the manual for details.
For documents and situations not listed here, see the printed version of the manual.
Other Styles
PARAGRAPH WRITING
1]-A good paragraph has unity.
2]-Better paragraph starts with topic sentence.
3]-A paragraph deals with a single controlling idea.
4]-An effective paragraph ensures proper length ,unity, coherence, cohesion ,and logical development of ideas.
A]-Unity[Cohesive]—One paragraph should have one idea and every sentence in the paragraph should be used to support and expand that idea.
B]-Coherence—It shows the development of the paragraph in a logical way. A coherent paragraph develops the topic in a logical way .Thus the reader can make sense of the content because one idea leads to another.
5]-Use transitions to link ideas .Transitions tell whether the next sentence continues the previous thought or starts a new idea These are the words/phrases that help to move smoothly fromone sentence to the next.
6]-Sentence linkers—It connects two sentences in a paragraph .It may consist of a word or a phras
7]-What should you look for when you revise paragraphs? –Check the topic sentence and the transition
TRANSITION WORDS AND PHRASES. [SENTENCE LINKERS] .
A]-To show addition or continuation of the same idea --- and, also, first ,second ,third ,in addition, like wise, similarly, etc.
B]-To introduce the last or most important item ---finally, furthermore, moreover, etc
C]-To give an example ---e.g, for example ,for instance, indeed, to illustrate, namely, specifically, etc
D]-To contrast ---or, on the other hand, in contrast, etc
E]-To show that the contrast is more important than the previous one---but, however, on the contrary, never the less, etc
F]-To show cause and effect---as a result, because, for this reason, consequently, therefore
G]-To show time---after, as, before, in the future, next, then, until, when, while ,etc
H]-To summarize or end---in conclusion, finally, in the end ,etc
TOPIC SENTENCE
1]-It is the sentence that presents the main idea or topic in the most effective way.
2]-The topic sentence can be placed any where in the paragraph.
3]-In the most effective paragraph, it is the first paragraph.
4]-A topics string is a series of sentences that develop the topic sentence.
5]-The topic sentence can be placed at the beginning [most effective], middle or end.
6]-If specific to general or inductive logical order is used, the topic sentence may be placed at the end.
7]-Sometime a topic sentence may not be included and the main idea is expressed through details only
BUSINESS PROPOSAL
1]- A proposal must answer the following question-
A]-what problem are you going to solve?
B]-How are you going to solve it?
C]-What exactly will you provide for us?
D]-Can you deliver what you promise?
E]- When will you complete the work ?
F]- How much will you charge ?
2]-Use the following pattern of organization for the cover letter of a sale proposal-
A]-Catch the reader’s attention and summarize up to three major benefits you offer.
B]- Discuss each of the major benefits in the order in which you mentioned them in the
first paragraph
C]- Deal with any objections or concerns the reader may have.
D]- Mention other benefits briefly.
E]- Ask the reader to approve your proposal and provide a reason for acting promptly.
3]-In a proposal for funding, stress the needs your project will meet. Show how your
Project helps fulfill the goals of the organization you are asking to fund it.
4]- The most important aspects of proposal writing are-
a—Establishing that a problem exists and that you are the best one to solve it.
b—Knowing who the key stakeholders are and what they are seeking.
c—Incorporating into your plan solutions tailored to your key stakeholders.
5]-Proposals can be classified as ---
A]-formal and non-formal .
B]-internal and external
C]-solicited and unsolicited
6]-CRITERIA TYPE DESCRIPTION
A]-Content and non-formal short proposals involving small
format projects
formal long proposals with elaborate descriptions
and discussions
B]-Nature of Internal addressed to readers within an organisation
Audience External Communicated to people outside an
Organization.
C]-Source of origin Solicited Written in response to a request for proposal
Unsolicited Written without any request for proposal.
7]-NON-FORMAL
A-It is brief and introductory in nature.
B-Written to initiate small projects that do not require elaborate descriptions
C-May involve the use of printed forms, letter formats or memo formats.
8]-FORMAL
A-Comparatively longer
B-Usually written to initiate big projects and require elaborate descriptions.
C-involves use of the manuscript format
D-It may consist of several sections and sub-sections.
8]-INTERNAL PROPOSAL-
A-It is addressed to readers within an organization.
B-It may offer to study a problem, situation, condition, or issue in the organization.
C-They are less formal and elaborate than external proposal.
9]-EXTERNAL PROPOSAL
A-They are communicated to people outside an organization.
B-It may offer a plan to solve a problem or situation of that organization and give appropriate suggestions and recommendations.
C-They are more formal, detailed and elaborate than internal proposals
10-SOLICITED PROPOSAL
A-It is written in response to a specific request from a client
B-Many companies and institutions solicit proposal for their projects.
C-They specify their requirements and mention their conditions.
11-UNSOLICITED PROPOSAL
A- Written without any request for proposal
B-That intend to propose solutions or recommendations
C-They are based on an objective assessment of a situation or condition by an individual
or a firm.[example-a person noticing a problem in his organization and wanting to offer his ideas on how to handle It may submit an unsolicited proposal.]
D-Self initiated research and business projects usually involve unsolicited proposals.
PARTS OF A FORMAL PROPOSAL
I-Title page
2-Table of contents
3-List of figures
4-Abstract or summary
5-Methodology
6-Introduction
7-Statement of problem
8-Proposed plan and schedule
9-Advantages and disadvantages
10-Recommendations.
1-THE TITLE PAGE contains –
a-the title of the proposal
b-the name of the person or organization to whom the proposal is submitted.
c-the name of the proposal writer
d-the date.
STRUCTURE OF TITLE PAGE
A proposal on
. --------------------------------------------
Submitted to
---------------------------------------------
Submitted by
--------------------------------------------
Date
-----------------------------------
2-TABLE OF CONTENTS provides the reader an overall view of the proposal by listing the main headings and the sub-headings in the proposal, with their page numbers.
STRUCTURE OF TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract 1
1-Background 2
2-Introduction 2
3-Statement of problem 3
4-Proposed plan and schedule 5
5-Recommendations 7
6-Conclusion 8
Appendices 10
3-LIST OF FIGURES This section includes a list of tables, graphs, figures, and charts used in the proposal ,with their page number.
STRUCTURE OF LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1-----------------------------------1
Figure 2-----------------------------------3
Figure 3-----------------------------------4
Figure 4-----------------------------------6
4-ABSTRACT OR SUMMARY is a condensed version of the proposal as it summarises and highlights its major points.
METHODOLOGY summarises the proposed methods of data collection and the procedure for investigating the situation/problem.
5-INTRODUCTION. This section introduces readers to the proposal .It gives the background, states the purpose and discusses the scope.
By highlighting the major advantages , it tries to persuade the reader.
6-STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM contains an objective description of the problem that the proposal intends to address.
7-PROPOSED PLAN AND SCHEDULE presets a schedule of activities highlighting the main course of action.
8-ADVANTAGES/ DISADVANTAGES . This section reinforces that the proposal has more advantages than dis-advantages by making realistic comparision. It links benefits to the needs of the situation.
9-RECOMMENDATIONS is the main section of a proposal as it discusses the plan to solve the problem .It is the most persuasive section of a proposal.
10-CONCLUTION presents the final summary of the proposal and focuses on main points and the key benefits and advantages. It influences readers with a final appeal.
11-APPENDICES-Secondary materials are put as appendices in a proposal.
BUSINESS REPORT
1-A report is a factual and systematic account of a specific business or professional activity.
2 Reports help in the analysis of a condition, situation or a problem for an effective solution.
3- It is a formal document written for a specific audience to meet a specific need.
Ø Reports serve several purposes---
Ø A-presenting data
Ø B-describing problems and suggesting solutions
Ø C-discussing and analyzing data
Ø D-recording events and happenings-
Ø E-analyzing a situation or a condition.
Ø D-giving feedback, suggestion or recommendations.
4-TYPES OF REPORTS
1-INFORMATIONAL REPORT-
A-It presents facts of a case, problem, condition or situation without any analysis, interpretations or recommendations.
B-Its function is to collect, compile and organize facts for the reader.
C-Examples of informational reports include seminar reports, trip reports, conference reports etc.
2-ANALYTICAL REPORT
A-It presents data with interpretations and analysis.
B-The report writer analyses the facts of a case and puts forward his/her inference and recommendations.
C-To write an analytical report, the writer should be able to evaluate information and make appropriate inferences.
D-Example of analytical report include project reports, feasibility reports, market research reports and so on.
3-ROUTINE REPORTS [OR PERIODIC REPORTS]
A-Routine reports are prepared on a periodic basis i.e daily, weekly, fortnightly, monthly,
quarterly or annually.
B-The routine reports may be informational or analytical.
C-Examples of this report include daily production reports, monthly sales report, annul
report etc.
4-SPECIAL REPORTS
A-This is prepared and presented to convey special information related to a single
condition , problem or occasion.
B-They do not contain routine or repetitive information.
C-They are the result of specific circumstances.
D-Special report could be either informational or analytical .
E-Examples of this report are inquiry report, research reports, thesis etc.
5-ORAL REPORTS
A-It is informal and face to face presentation of information.
B-Examples are oral reporting of sales, production, joining etc.
C-They present information related to routine activities, projects and development.
6-WRITTEN REPORTS
A-They help in maintaining proper record for future reference.
B-Most reports have a permanent value. So written reports are conventional.
7-FORMAL REPORTS
A-This is the result of a through investigation of a condition or situation.
B-They are comparatively longer and need elaborate description and discussion.
C-They follow a fixed format.
D-They could be informational, analytical,
E-Examples of formal reports are annual reports of companies, technical reports, project
reports, thesis etc
8-NON-FORMAL REPORTS
A-It is a brief account of a specific business.
B-It is usually short and do not need elaborate description.
C-An informal report may use printed forms, letters formats or memo formats.
D-They are routine reports .
E-They may be either informational, analytical, oral or written.
5- FORMAT OF REPORTS
FORMAT DESCRIPTION
1-Printed forms-------------------Forms prepared to record repetitive and routine data.
2-Letter format--------------------Short informal reports to be communicated to some one
outside an organization.
3-Memo format-------------------Short informal reports to be communicated to someone
within an organization
4-Manuscript format---------------Formal reports printed on plain paper.
1-PRINTED FORMS
A-The advantages are –a] systematic and make for easy reading.
b-the readers can easily locate and identify important
information.
c-they are more objective and factual with little scope for the
writer to be subjective about the content.
. d-they save time.
2-LETTER FORMAT
A-Contains all the elements of a letter along with some additional sections such as
illustrations references etc.
B-Headings may be used in a letter format.
3- MEMO FORMAT
A-A memo report should contain heading for easy reading and reference.
HEADING
DATE: February 3 , 2008
TO:
FROM:
SUBJECT:
REPORT
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Recommendation
>
>
>
4-MANUSCRIPT FORMAT
A-It is divided into sections and sub-sections
B-The writer has to be careful about its structure and elements.
STRUCTURE OF FORMAL REPORTS
A-PARTS OF A REPORT
1-Title page
2-Letter of transmittal
3-Acknowledgements
4-Table of contents
5-List of illustration
6-Executive summary/abstract
7-Introduction
8-Methodology
9-Findings/analysis
10-Conclusion
11Recomendation
12-Appendices
13-References and bibliography
1] SAMPLE TITLE PAGE
A REPORT ON
Improving Blast Efficiency through
Performance Analysis
SUBMITTED TO
Department of Science and Technology
Government of India
SUBMITTED BY
Ramesh Mohanty
Research scholar,IIT,Kanpur
DATE
January 20, 2008
2]-LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL - a- It is a brief covering letter from the report writer explaining the causes for
writing the report.
. b- It may contain the objectives, scope and other highlights of the report.
It may also contain acknowledgement, if the report does not include an
c- acknowledgement.
3]-ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
A-This section contains the names of persons who contributed to the
Production of the report.
4]-TABLE OF CONTENTS
A-T hey provide the reader an overall view of the report and shows its
organization.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface--------------------------------------1
Acknowledgement-------------------------2
List of illustrations------------------------3
Executive summary-----------------------4
1-Introduction ---------------------6
2-Methodology--------------------9
3-Discussion----------------------10
4-Conclusion----------------------15
5-Recommendations-------------19
Appendices----------------------------------20
References-----------------------------------25
5]-LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
A-It gives systematic information about tables, charts, figures and graphs.
6]-ABSTRACT OR EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
A-It summarises the essential information in the report, focusing on key facts, findings, observations, results, conclusion and recommendations.
7]-INTRODUCTION
-This section introduces the reader to the report. It helps the readers in understanding and analyzing report as it include facts that the reader must know in order to understand the discussion.
A-ANALYSE THE PROBLEM AND PURPOSE
Ask the following questions before beginning to write a report.
a-What do you want to present or discuss in the report?
b-Why do you want to present it?
1-Answer to these questions will help in identifying the problem.
2-The problem may be written down in the form of a statement.
B-Determine the scope of the Report
.
8]-METHODOLOGY
A-While writing a report one has to gather information from library, internet,
interviews, surveys and formal/informal discussions .This section
summarises the methods of data collection, the procedure for investigating
and the criteria of survey.
9]-
APA Citation StylePublication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 5th edition
Follow these color codes:
Author(s)
Date
Title of Book
Title of Article
Title of Periodical
Volume
Pages
Place of Publication
Publisher
Other Information
Journal Article: where the page numbering continues from issue to issue
Dubeck, L. (1990). Science fiction aids science teaching. Physics Teacher, 28, 316-318.
Journal or Magazine Article: that start each issue with page one(for magazine articles, include the month and day - see below)
Wilcox, R. V. (1991). Shifting roles and synthetic women in Star trek: The next generation. Studies in Popular Culture, 13(2), 53-65.
Magazine or Journal Article from a Database(for journal articles, do not include the month - see above)
Mershon, D. H. (1998, November/December). Star trek on the brain: Alien minds, human minds. American Scientist, 86(6), 585. Retrieved July 29, 1999, from Expanded Academic ASAP database.
Newspaper Article
Di Rado, A. (1995, March 15). Trekking through college: Classes explore modern society using the world of Star trek. Los Angeles Times, p. A3.
Book
Okuda, M., & Okuda, D. (1993). Star trek chronology: The history of the future. New York: Pocket Books.
Book Article or Chapter
James, N. E. (1988). Two sides of paradise: The Eden myth according to Kirk and Spock. In D. Palumbo (Ed.), Spectrum of the fantastic (pp. 219-223). Westport, CT: Greenwood.
Encyclopedia Article
Sturgeon, T. (1995). Science fiction. In The encyclopedia Americana (Vol. 24, pp. 390-392). Danbury, CT: Grolier.
ERIC Document
Fuss-Reineck, M. (1993). Sibling communication in Star trek: The next generation: Conflicts between brothers. Miami, FL: Annual Meeting of the Speech Communication Association. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 364932)
Website
Lynch, T. (1996). DS9 trials and tribble-ations review. Retrieved October 8, 1997, from Psi Phi: Bradley's Science Fiction Club Web site: http://www.bradley.edu/campusorg/psiphi/DS9/ep/ 503r.html
Notes
If you are using the style for Copy Manuscripts, doublespace all lines. If you are using the style for Final Manuscripts, singlespace all lines and skip a line in between each reference. Ask your professor which style to follow.
Arrange the items on your reference list alphabetically by author, interfiling books, articles, etc.
Indent the second and following lines 5 to 7 spaces or one half inch.
Use only the initials of the authors' first (and middle) names.
If no author is given, start with the title and then the date.
Article titles and book titles: capitalize only the first word of the title and subtitle. (Capitalize all significant words of periodical titles.)
If you are using a typewriter that cannot produce italics, then use underlining instead.
Magazine articles: include the month (and day) as shown under "Magazine Article from a Database" and "Newspapers".
Websites: if the date the page was created is not given, use (n.d.).
The rules concerning a title within a title are not displayed here for purposes of clarity. See the printed version of the manual for details.
Our website also has guide to APA citation style that's tailored for business sources.
A little bit of additional information is available on the official website, APA Style.org.
For documents and situations not listed here, see the printed version of the manual.
Other Styles
MLA Citation StyleMLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 6th edition
Follow these color codes:
Author(s)
Title of Book
Title of Article
Title of Periodical
Volume
Place of Publication
Publisher
Date
Other Information
Pages
Book
Okuda, Michael, and Denise Okuda. Star Trek Chronology: The History
of the Future. New York: Pocket, 1993.
Journal Article
Wilcox, Rhonda V. "Shifting Roles and Synthetic Women in Star
Trek: The Next Generation." Studies in Popular Culture 13.2 (1991):
53-65.
Newspaper or Magazine Article
Di Rado, Alicia. "Trekking through College: Classes Explore Modern
Society Using the World of Star Trek." Los Angeles Times 15 Mar.
1995: A3.
Book Article or Chapter
James, Nancy E. "Two Sides of Paradise: The Eden Myth According to
Kirk and Spock." Spectrum of the Fantastic. Ed. Donald Palumbo.
Westport: Greenwood, 1988. 219-223.
Encyclopedia Article (well known reference books)
Sturgeon, Theodore. "Science Fiction." The Encyclopedia Americana.
International ed. 1995.
Encyclopedia Article (less familiar reference books)
Horn, Maurice. "Flash Gordon." The World Encyclopedia of Comics.
Ed. Maurice Horn. 2 vols. New York: Chelsea, 1976.
Gale Reference Book (and other books featuring reprinted articles)
Shayon, Robert Lewis. "The Interplanetary Spock." Saturday Review
17 June 1967: 46. Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed.
Sharon R. Gunton. Vol. 17. Detroit: Gale Research, 1981. 403.
ERIC Document
Fuss-Reineck, Marilyn. Sibling Communication in Star Trek: The Next
Generation: Conflicts between Brothers. Miami: Speech
Communication Assn., 1993. ERIC Document Reproduction Service
ED364932.
Website
Lynch, Tim. "DSN Trials and Tribble-ations Review." Psi Phi: Bradley's
Science Fiction Club. 1996. Bradley University. 8 Oct. 1997
Newspaper or Magazine Article on the Internet
Andreadis, Athena. "The Enterprise Finds Twin Earths Everywhere It
Goes, But Future Colonizers of Distant Planets Won't Be So Lucky."
Astronomy Jan. 1999: 64- . Academic Universe. Lexis-Nexis. B.
Davis Schwartz Memorial Lib., Brookville, NY. 7 Feb. 1999
Gale Literature Criticism Online
Shayon, Robert Lewis. "The Interplanetary Spock." Saturday Review
17 June 1967: 46. Rpt. in Contemporary Literary Criticism. Ed.
Sharon R. Gunton and Gerald J. Senick. Vol. 17. Detroit: Gale
Research, 1981. 403. Literature Criticism Online. Thomson Gale.
B. Davis Schwartz Memorial Lib., Brookville, NY. 15 Nov. 2007
Notes
Arrange the items on your reference list alphabetically by author, interfiling books, articles, etc.
Doublespace all lines.
Indent the second and following lines 5 spaces (or one half inch).
If no author is given, start with the title.
Abbreviate the names of all months except May, June, and July.
If the paging of a magazine or newspaper article is continued elswhere in the issue, include only the first page followed by a plus sign (ex. 25+.).
If the encyclopedia does not arrange its articles alphabetically, treat the encyclopedia article as if it were a book article. Specific volume and page numbers are cited in the text, not in the list of references.
Gale Reference Book: cite the original source being reprinted as shown under Book, Journal Article, Newspaper or Magazine Article, etc. The example shows a Magazine Article. Then include the citation information for the reference book.
Websites: include the title of the web page, the name of the entire web site, the organization that posted it (this may be the same as the name of the website). Also include the full date the page was created or last updated (day, month, year if available) and the date you looked at it.
Internet Magazine Articles: Include:
The full date of the article (day, month, year if available) and the date you looked at it;
If you are citing a journal instead of a magazine, include the volume (and issue number) and date as shown under the Journal Style above.
As for page numbers, different databases will provide different information. Include the range of pages (ex. 25-28.); or the starting page followed by a hyphen, a blank space, and a period (ex. 64- .); or the total number of pages or paragraphs (ex. 12 pp. or 33 pars.). If no page information is given, then leave it out.
The name of the database (underlined) and the company that created it.
The library or other organization (and its location) that provided you with access to the database.
If the web address (URL) of the article is very long, you only need to include the URL of the database's home page.
The rules concerning a title within a title are not displayed here for purposes of clarity. See the printed version of the manual for details.
For documents and situations not listed here, see the printed version of the manual.
Other Styles
Friday, January 18, 2008
BC-assignment-9
E-MAIL MESSAGES
Q1]-Why do we use E-mail?
Q2]-What are the advantages of E-mail?
Q3]-What are the characteristics of successful E-mail messages?
Q4]-What are the segments that an e-mail message has?
Q5]-Write an e-mail message to Suresh Mohanty,Personal Manager of Sponge Iron plant {e-mail address:suresh_mohanty @sip.com)requesting him to allow you to do summer training at the Palasponga plant.Tell him that you need to do a two weeks training as part of your academic assignments.
Q6]-Write an e-mail to the Library-in-charge of the central library of your university requesting him to send you information regarding new arrivals in the library through e-mail.
Q1]-Why do we use E-mail?
Q2]-What are the advantages of E-mail?
Q3]-What are the characteristics of successful E-mail messages?
Q4]-What are the segments that an e-mail message has?
Q5]-Write an e-mail message to Suresh Mohanty,Personal Manager of Sponge Iron plant {e-mail address:suresh_mohanty @sip.com)requesting him to allow you to do summer training at the Palasponga plant.Tell him that you need to do a two weeks training as part of your academic assignments.
Q6]-Write an e-mail to the Library-in-charge of the central library of your university requesting him to send you information regarding new arrivals in the library through e-mail.
BC-assignment-8
WRITING BUSINESS LETTER
Q1]-What is the difference between Personal and Business letter ?
Q2]-What are the different parts of a business letter ? OR What are the different components of Business letter ?
Q3]-What are the different formats of letter writing ?
Q4]-What are the different kinds of Business letter?
Q5]-How will you begin writing on a continuation sheet?
Q6]-Write the following business letter—
A]-Resignation letter.
B]-Job acceptance letter.
C]-Job rejection letter.
D]- Letter placing order.
E]-Complaint letter.
Q1]-What is the difference between Personal and Business letter ?
Q2]-What are the different parts of a business letter ? OR What are the different components of Business letter ?
Q3]-What are the different formats of letter writing ?
Q4]-What are the different kinds of Business letter?
Q5]-How will you begin writing on a continuation sheet?
Q6]-Write the following business letter—
A]-Resignation letter.
B]-Job acceptance letter.
C]-Job rejection letter.
D]- Letter placing order.
E]-Complaint letter.
BC-assignment-7
NOTE MAKING
Q1]-Why do we make notes ?
Q2]-What are the different note making techniques?
Q3]-Write short notes on –
A]-Topicalising
B]-Schematising
C]-Reduction devices for note making
D]-Organisation techniques
E]-Sequencing notes
Q1]-Why do we make notes ?
Q2]-What are the different note making techniques?
Q3]-Write short notes on –
A]-Topicalising
B]-Schematising
C]-Reduction devices for note making
D]-Organisation techniques
E]-Sequencing notes
BC-assignment-6
BUSINESS REPORT
Q6]-What is the need of Executive Summary?
Q7]-Write a report analyzing the quality of service provided by BIG BAZAR and recommend ways to improve. Submit the report to theDirector,Customer Care,BIG BAZAR,Calcutta.
Q8]-What information is included in the title page of a report?
Q9]-What is the function of the report introduction?
Q10]-What is the need of recommendation in an analytical report?
Q11]-How do recommendation differ from conclusion?
Q12]-There has been a remarkable decline in the sale of sports goods manufactured by Z-Sports company.the Marketing Manager has been asked to report with recommendations for stopping the decline.Prepare the report.
Q6]-What is the need of Executive Summary?
Q7]-Write a report analyzing the quality of service provided by BIG BAZAR and recommend ways to improve. Submit the report to theDirector,Customer Care,BIG BAZAR,Calcutta.
Q8]-What information is included in the title page of a report?
Q9]-What is the function of the report introduction?
Q10]-What is the need of recommendation in an analytical report?
Q11]-How do recommendation differ from conclusion?
Q12]-There has been a remarkable decline in the sale of sports goods manufactured by Z-Sports company.the Marketing Manager has been asked to report with recommendations for stopping the decline.Prepare the report.
BC-assignment-2
TOPIC SENTENCE
Q6-What is a topic sentence ?
Q7-What are the positions of a topic sentence ?
Q7-What purpose does topic sentence serve?
Q8-What function do transitions serve ?
Q9-Develop the following topic sentences into a paragraph?
A] –Dream big to achieve big.
B]-Strike the iron when it is hot.
C]-A friend in need is a friend indeed.
D]-Computers have revolutionized information technology
Q10-Read the paragraph and write an appropriate topic sentence-
The image on the retina is not permanent but fades away after 1/20th of a second and overlaps the next image. This gives the impression of continuity .There is of course no film in the eye that records the images permanently as a photo film does ..More importantly, the focal length of the eye lens is changed when its attached cilial muscles change their tension. When they are relaxed, the lens is thin and distant objects can be seen clearly. . .
Q6-What is a topic sentence ?
Q7-What are the positions of a topic sentence ?
Q7-What purpose does topic sentence serve?
Q8-What function do transitions serve ?
Q9-Develop the following topic sentences into a paragraph?
A] –Dream big to achieve big.
B]-Strike the iron when it is hot.
C]-A friend in need is a friend indeed.
D]-Computers have revolutionized information technology
Q10-Read the paragraph and write an appropriate topic sentence-
The image on the retina is not permanent but fades away after 1/20th of a second and overlaps the next image. This gives the impression of continuity .There is of course no film in the eye that records the images permanently as a photo film does ..More importantly, the focal length of the eye lens is changed when its attached cilial muscles change their tension. When they are relaxed, the lens is thin and distant objects can be seen clearly. . .
BC-assignment-1
PARAGRAPH WRITING
Q1-What are the principles of paragraph writing? OR what are the features of a good paragraph?
Q2-What is a paragraph?
Q3-what are the reasons for using a paragraph?
Q4-what are the various classifications of paragraphs?
Q5-What are the different elements of a paragraph?
Q1-What are the principles of paragraph writing? OR what are the features of a good paragraph?
Q2-What is a paragraph?
Q3-what are the reasons for using a paragraph?
Q4-what are the various classifications of paragraphs?
Q5-What are the different elements of a paragraph?
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